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Background The altered expressions of hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors induced by benzo[ɑ]pyrene (BaP) causes short-term spatial learning and memory impairment in humans and animals, but whether BaP causes alterations of NMDA receptor subunits in other brain regions and the associated neurotoxic mechanism is still essentially unknown. Objective To observe the mRNA expressions of NR1, NR2A, and NR2B of NMDA receptor subunits in different brain regions in SD rat model with subchronic exposure to BaP, and to provide a basis for in-depth study of the mechanism of BaP-induced neurotoxicity. Methods Forty male SD rats were selected and randomly divided into a control group and 1.00, 2.50, and 6.25 mg·kg−1 BaP exposure groups with 10 rats in each group. The exposure rats received intraperitoneal injection of BaP every other day for 90 d.The average latency to platform, the average total distance, and the duration spent in previous quadrant were measured by the Morris Water Maze. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expressions of NR1, NR2A, and NR2B in hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum, and striatum of rats. Results The average latency to platform and the average total distance in the 2.50 and 6.25 mg·kg−1 BaP groups were significantly prolonged compared with the control group (P<0.05), and the duration that rats spent in previous quadrant in the 6.25 mg·kg−1 BaP group was significantly shortened (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the mRNA expressions of NR1 and NR2B in the hippocampus in the 2.50 and 6.25 mg·kg−1 BaP groups were significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the NR2A mRNA expression in the hippocampus in the 6.25 mg·kg−1 BaP group was significantly reduced (P<0.05); the mRNA expressions of NR1 and NR2B in the cortical tissue in the 6.25 mg·kg−1 BaP group were significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the mRNA expression of NR2A in the cortical tissue in the 1.00 mg·kg−1 BaP group was reduced; the mRNA expression of NR2B in the cerebellar tissue in the 6.25 mg·kg−1 BaP group was significantly reduced (P<0.05); there were no differences in the mRNA expressions of NMDA receptor subunits in the striatum tissue (P>0.05). Conclusion Subchronic BaP exposure can cause short-term spatial learning and memory impairment in rats, which may be related to the down-regulation of mRNA expressions of NR1, NR2A, and NR2B in hippocampus, changes of mRNA expressions of NR1, NR2A, and NR2B in cortical area, and the down-regulation of NR2B mRNA expression in cerebellum.
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Objective To observe the curative effect of clinically equivalent doses of Xuesaitong and ginaton injections on cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury of rats.Methods Male rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal control group,sham-operation group,model control group,Xuesaitong group and ginaton group.The cerebral ischemia rat model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).Rats in the Xuesaitong group were given 20 mg·kg-1 of Xuesaitong injection,and rats in the ginaton group were intravenously injected with 7.5 mg· kg-1of ginaton immediately after I/R injury and once daily for 7 days.Rats in the sham-operation group and model control group were given the same volume of 0.9％ sodium chloride solution.The score of ethology,volume of cerebral infarction,mortality,superoxide dismutase (SOD),malondialdehyde (MDA),xanthine oxidase (XOD),nitrogen oxide (NO) and NO synthase (NOS) in seruu were examined.Results Compared with model control group,Xuesaitong and ginaton effectively reduced behavioral score 96 h (P ＜ 0.05),120 h (P＜0.01),144 h (P＜0.01) and 168 h (P＜0.01) after I/R injury,the volume of cerebral infarction 168 h after I/R injury and NO content (P ＜ 0.05).But they had no effects on NOS,SOD,MDA,and XOD contents.Conclusion Curatively injecting Xuesaitong and ginaton can effectively reduce cerebral I/R injury,but no significant difference in curative efficacy is observed between Xuesaitong and ginaton at clinically equivalent doses.
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BACKGROUND: It is stil controversial about whether percutaneous vertebroplasty can be as an option for treatment of non-osteoporotic single-segmental vertebral traumatic compression fractures. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of percutaneous vertebroplasty in repair of non-osteoporotic single-segmental vertebral traumatic compression fractures. METHODS: Total y 20 patients who underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty in repair of non-osteoporotic single-segmental vertebral traumatic compression fractures between March 2010 and January 2013 were col ected. The variation of visual analog scale scores and the Oswestry disability index scores of patients was observed before and after the repair. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The visual analog scale scores and the Oswestry disability index scores of patients were significantly reduced after repair compared with those before repair, moreover, the visual analog scale scores and the Oswestry disability index scores of patients at the 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after repair were similar. (2) Al patients had no adverse effects and complications. (3) These results suggest that percutaneous vertebroplasty in repair of non-osteoporotic single-segmental vertebral traumatic compression fractures quickly relieves back pain and improves the actives of thoracolumbar segments.
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BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that percutaneous pedicle screw internal fixation in repair of single segment of thoracolumbar fracture can overcome quadrilateral effect, get better biomechanical properties, meanwhile, it also can provide three-point fixation, reduce suspension effect, and reduce the formation of kyphosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical efficacy and incidence of complications of the percutaneous pedicle screw internal fixation for treatment of single segment thoracolumbar fractures. METHODS:Totaly 36 patients with single segment thoracolumbar fractures treated by percutaneous pedicle screw internal fixation were enroled. A total of 36 vertebral bodies were treated: T11=5, T12=8, L1=17, L2=6. The visual analog scale scores before treatment and at 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment, the Oswestry disability indexes before treatment, at the first week and at the 12th month after treatment, the Cobb angle before treatment, the first day and at the 12th month after treatment were compared and observed. The incidence of complications was recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The visual analog scale scores at 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment was significantly lower than those before treatment (P < 0.001). The Oswestry disability indexes before treatment, at the first week and at the 12th month after treatment were significantly lower those that before treatment (P < 0.001).The Cobb angle before treatment, at the first day and at the 12th month after treatment was significantly smaler than that before treatment (P < 0.001). Only three (8%) patients had complications, including pedicle screw penetrating pedicle into the spinal canal, pedicle screws loosing and the infection in puncture site. These results suggest that percutaneous pedicle screw internal fixation for treatment of single segment thoracolumbar fractures can correct kyphosis, improve the thoracolumbar motion, quickly relieve patient’s back pain, and the incidence of complications is low.
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In eukaryotic cells, multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are required for trafficking of membrane proteins to lysosomes for selective destruction. The sorting of ubiquitylated membrane proteins into multivesicular bodies and the biogenesis of MVBs are mediated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). Topologically equivalent to the budding of intralumenal vesicles from the limiting membrane of the MVBs, the ESCRT complex is also involved in cytokinetic abscission, phagophore formation, and enveloped virus budding. Many retroviruses and RNA viruses encode "late-domain" motifs that are able to interact with the components of the ESCRT complex, and the interactions recruit ESCRT-III and VPS4 to the viral assembly and budding sites. Recently, few studies revealed that the ESCRT complex is also required for efficient egress of some DNA viruses, including Hepatitis B, Herpes simplex virus type-1, and Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Further examination of virus-ESCRT interactions should shed light on the detailed mechanism of virus assembly and budding.